Sud error in the typewriter. SD memory card errors and how to resolve them

2018-04-15 Evgeniy Fomenko

Error interpretation

The Samsung brand produces a fairly wide range of washing machines, among which the Wf8590nmw8 and Samsung Diamond are especially popular, the latter, by the way, includes a foam control function. This is especially true when it comes to a situation such as a Samsung washing machine - error 5d.

If a large amount of foam in the Diamant drum becomes visible through the hatch of the machine, then after a few seconds the display will most likely show error 5d. Foam control is activated immediately. It can be active or passive.

When the control module detects an increased amount of foam, the active foam suppression function is activated, which involves several stages. If Diamond cannot cope with the situation, then the passive mode is activated.

This means that the machine will simply go into the standby program and will not continue washing until the foam has settled. Sometimes this can take quite a long time.

The main reasons for the appearance

If an automatic machine starts to issue such a code, it means that an excessive amount of foam from the detergent has formed inside the SMA, which can indirectly affect the quality of the wash.


How to fix it yourself?

The problem in question is not critical; it can be corrected without outside help:


When is professional help needed?

  1. Foam sensor out of order. In this case, there is no excess foam in the drum, but the display still displays an error code.
  2. The pressure switch is faulty. Despite the fact that its main function is to monitor the water level, in some models it also acts as a foam sensor.
  3. Clogged drain pipe, hose or sewage system lead to the fact that the remaining hole is only enough to drain water, but it is small to drain foam.
  4. The error is displayed when restarting the main wash or rinse program when there is no foam. The control board may have failed.

It is worth noting that this error is not critical. However, its appearance can provoke further problems, time costs and poor quality of washing. Therefore, it is easier to prevent an unpleasant situation than to correct it. Moreover, the steps for this are very simple. It is enough just to use high-quality detergents in the correct proportions.

Our Kiev Data Recovery service center often receives SD memory cards with various types of faults. People began to often ask why their memory card suddenly stopped working or was not working correctly. In this article we will try to answer the question why SD does not work in simple words and without delving into technical nuances.

Reasons why the SD card is not visible:

  1. Mechanical damage to the housing, lock (Lock), SD contacts.
  2. Card controller malfunction;
  3. Degradation of memory cells (chips on which data is physically stored).
  4. The SD slot on the card reader/camera is faulty.

These are perhaps the most common reasons why the card reader and camera do not see the SD memory card. Now we will look at each point in more detail and describe in what cases and how to proceed and whether it is possible to perform repairs and/or data recovery.

1. Mechanical damage to SD:

This type of malfunction is perhaps the most common, because the casing of such cards is not particularly durable (minus the protected ones). Quite often there are breaks in the plastic on the case, and the blocker is lost. There are also cracks and abrasions on the interface connector, which leads to poor contact and the SD card is not visible on the devices.

SD data repair and recovery:

Let us say right away that data recovery from SD cards is possible in almost all cases with mechanical damage to the case and connector. SD recovery is not possible only in cases where there is physical damage to the memory chips (see photo below). In all other cases, you can repair the card by replacing the case (our service offers such a service). If there is slight damage to the contacts, you can clean them with industrial alcohol and a regular washing machine. If there is deeper damage, you may need to solder the wires to the connector of another SD card. If all these manipulations did not lead to the desired result, and there is important information on the disk, then you should contact SD data recovery specialists.

2. Controller malfunction.

Does not see an SD card with a faulty controller (the brain of the drive) - this type of malfunction is no less common for SD cards, but is not so familiar to many people. Behavior of the drive in case of this type of malfunction:

  • The map is defined with a size of 0 KB;
  • Defined with a size of several MB\KB;
  • It is not seen at all as one device;
  • Not detected on more than one device.

When connecting it gives errors:

  • Insert the disc into the device;
  • The memory card is damaged;
  • Error code 10 or 43.

Repair and restoration of SD with a faulty controller


As you can see, all of the above malfunctions lead to one thing - the SD card is not visible or is visible, but the data cannot be retrieved. In some cases, it will be enough to resort to the methods from the first point (mechanical damage). Unfortunately, repairing a drive with such malfunctions is not possible due to technological limitations. In any case, in most cases it is not possible to extract data on your own, since to restore information you need to have a certain list of expensive tools and, of course, experience. Kiev Data Recovery is always ready to help solve problems with memory cards and restore precious moments of life.

3. Degradation of memory cells.

In case of such malfunctions, the card reader and camera do not see the SD card or are detected, but without access to the data. This is due to the fact that NAND memory (memory type) has a limit on the read/write cycle, which over time leads to memory degradation with subsequent failure of the card. But don’t be afraid of the concept of memory degradation - in such cases, the data can still be returned, you just can’t do it on your own. Using professional tools and the right techniques, data from a faulty SDHC can be recovered in a specialized Kyiv Data Recovery service center in Kyiv. It is also worth mentioning that in such cases, repairing the drive is not possible.

4. Card reader or camera malfunction, in which it shows that the SD card is damaged - this is also quite acceptable. It’s rare, but there are times when people bring us completely working cards and when they connect to our stand, everything works great. The thing is that sometimes you need to check your drive not on one device, but on two or three.

This concludes our article on why the SD card is not visible. If you have any questions or comments, write below the material and we will definitely answer you.

If you need help recovering data from faulty memory cards or flash drives, please contact the contacts listed below.


A major manufacturer of household appliances, Samsung, cares not only about its products, but also about consumers. So, washing machines from this company contain program codes that are displayed on the machine’s display if an error occurs. Such codes provide enough useful information to understand the cause and resolve the problem. We suggest you familiarize yourself with error 5d on a Samsung washing machine, the reasons for its occurrence and preventive measures.

Decoding error 5d

There are a lot of models of washing machines produced under the Samsung brand. Most of them have the same error code names. However, there are codes that indicate the same error. For example, codes 5d,sud orsudS are different names for the same error.

Error 5d on a Samsung washing machine means that too much foam has formed inside the drum.

Causes

Increased foaming in the washing machine can be caused by the following reasons:

  1. Instead of automatic washing powder, hand washing powder was used. Hand washing powder foams very much. Powders labeled “automatic” contain foam stabilizers that reduce excessive foam formation. This is necessary so that foam does not get on the electric motor and does not come out.
  2. The “Avtomat” powder used for washing turned out to be of poor quality.
  3. Exceeding the required amount of powder for one wash cycle.

Elimination and precautions

Error 5d generally does not require any action to be taken. Usually the machine automatically removes the foam or waits for it to settle. Then the washing continues. In some models, to actively remove foam, you need to press the “Start (Pause)” button on the machine panel.

To prevent such an error from occurring, you need to use only highly effective powders or liquid laundry detergents. At the same time, there must be a note on the packaging stating that the product is suitable for automatic machines.

Important! Be sure to look at the detergent packaging to see how much powder is recommended for one wash cycle.

The correct dosage will not only protect the machine, but also save money. Remember that if you add more powder, it does not necessarily wash your clothes better. Therefore, always use a measuring cup when pouring powder into the washing machine.

If you do everything correctly, but the error still appears, try pouring a little less powder the next time you wash it. If this does not lead to the desired result, then you should seek advice from professionals from the Samsung service center.

Error 5d on the washing machine display is not critical. In most cases, it is eliminated within a few minutes. There are more serious error codes that appear during washing, you can find them in the article:. And also watch the video.

They collected the dirty laundry and loaded it inside their indispensable domestic helper. Select the required mode and launch it. After a short period of time, we discovered that the device does not work, and the screen displays a problem with a combination of SUD, 5D or SD symbols. Taking a closer look at the machine, you can observe the characteristic excessive foaming process through the window. In addition, foam can seep through a special dispenser for special products (powders). Or it may not exist at all. The main thing is to determine the cause of the problem.

Breakdown value

In modifications of Samsung washing machines, in which the manufacturer has placed a sensor to control the amount of foam formation, the foam suppression process occurs automatically. But if the device fails to cope on its own and the foam level does not decrease, then a 5D / SUD / SD fault is displayed on its screen. As a result, the unit stopped the washing process until the foam level dropped on its own. Such a breakdown indicates that the foam level did not automatically decrease, so the unit suspended the current program and during the delay the foam usually settles on its own.

SUD / 5D / SD problem, how to fix it without resorting to professional intervention

This fault mainly notifies you that the current process has stopped. In this case, you only need to wait and observe, and not interfere. In rare cases, when after plus or minus 15 minutes, you do not observe any changes. If the device does not work, then you should follow these recommendations:

  • Inspect the filter located in the drain system. If it becomes clogged, the foam will not be able to drain away on its own. Rinse it under the pressure of running water (the filter is located behind the hatch located in the corner of the front lower panel). If you do not find it yourself, then review the operating instructions for your device.
  • Perhaps, due to your carelessness, you poured a low-quality powder into a special dispenser, or a product that was not designed for automatic use. Under no circumstances should you use powder designed for hand washing.
  • Control the volume of powder that you place in a special dispenser. It should not be more than the specified norm.
  • If you loaded downy or excessively bulky items into the machine, then add a smaller amount of detergent.

If after a while a breakdown with the SUD, 5D or SD combination continues to appear on the display, what needs to be done to fix it

If suddenly your assistant does not continue the current paused washing process, then you must definitely stop her. Forcefully turn off the previously launched mode, drain the water, reset the previously selected modes and open the window, and then remove the wet laundry. Clean the filter again. After this procedure, you need to start the washing program, the drum must be empty, in order to rinse the unit from residual detergents and clean its entire drainage system (the selected program must be at a temperature of at least 60°C).

Read about the Bosch washing machine here.

Utilities + techniques that will repair a damaged SD memory card, cure formatting errors and make SD work on your computer and phone.

Types of damage to SDHC memory cards

The most common scenarios that lead to problems reading SD cards on mobile devices and PCs are the following:

  • Physical damage to the memory card
  • Presence of bad sectors in the file table of the SD card:
    • After unsuccessful file transfer (copy-paste or Ctrl + X)
    • In case of a system failure of the OS (sudden shutdown of the PC) or phone
  • Other unknown reasons why the SD card is damaged

How to recover a damaged memory card through the console

To fix reading errors on a memory card, you can use the command line and chkdsk. The utility is included in any version of Windows.

How to use chkdsk when fixing a memory card:

  1. Open the Run menu via the Start menu or the Win + R hotkeys.
  2. Type cmd, Enter
  3. At the command prompt, type chkdsk [drive letter]: /f /r, Enter
  4. Press Y to confirm the scan will start

The meaning of the keys in chkdsk:

  • Flag /f – correct errors on the memory card
  • The /r flag – fixing bad sectors on the disk

The functionality of the chkdsk utility also contains other scan parameters, which can be viewed using the /? command. .

Format the memory card using the SDformatter program

Often problems with a memory card arise due to incorrect formatting. As a result,

  • sd card is not readable
  • does not appear when connected on certain PC configurations
  • A memory card with the NTFS file system is not available for writing files on Mac OS.

The free SDformatter program is ideal for these purposes. It formats SD cards. Nothing more is required from her. SDformatter copes with the task better than standard Windows formatting programs - in fact, they are not entirely suitable for formatting SD/SDHC memory cards.

Card reader(external or internal) - a special device connected to a computer. It is inexpensive and sold in most computer stores. If you have a laptop, it is likely that the card reader is already built-in.

SDformatter is far from the only utility for working with flash drives; USB Disk Storage Format Tool is an excellent alternative. This free program has the same capabilities - formatting in (ex)FAT/NTFS and checking the file structure/clusters for errors.

The disadvantage of formatting as a method of correcting errors is obvious: all files previously stored on the memory card will be irretrievably lost. But if it’s more important to you to fix errors on the memory card and quickly return it to working condition, it’s harder to come up with a better way to solve the problem than formatting.

Is it possible to save files if the memory card asks for formatting?

We repeat, we will not rule out that a damaged SD card may contain very important files. Sometimes they can be saved, but in some situations you will have to say goodbye to them.

One of the most famous cases is when, as a result of reading errors, the operating system offers, to put it mildly, not the best option - to format the memory card, consequently deleting it completely.

How to act in a situation if a flash drive (or rather Windows) requires you to format it? Try to restore the functioning of a damaged SD card by bypassing formatting - so that the files remain on it.

  1. Ignore the formatting prompt.
  2. Using a recovery program (for example, PhotoRec or TestDisk), scan the memory card.
  3. Save the recovered files on your computer.

Read how to do this via PhotoRec.

Is there a possibility of permanent damage to the memory card?

Yes, sure. Reading errors on the memory card cannot be restored programmatically if they are of a mechanical nature:

  • you damaged the memory card by dropping or stepping on it,
  • Water has entered the memory card,
  • When the phone caught fire, the memory card was exposed to heat.

If the problem is a hardware problem, in the case of a hard drive or USB flash drive, it is possible to replace the microcircuits in the laboratory. However, an SD memory card, which is microscopic in size, cannot be restored; the only option is to replace the damaged memory card with a new one. Moreover, the presence of visible damage excludes free replacement under warranty.

Additional Information. What happens when the memory card is damaged

Let us list the characteristic symptoms: what is happening, the SD memory card is damaged.

  • Photos and videos open with errors or are not displayed completely
  • SD card is unreadable or not recognized by phone/PC
  • The phone displays a message saying that recording to the SD card is not possible
  • Damaged SD card asking to format it
  • The OS reports reading errors and freezes when connecting an SD card to the computer

Question answer

My sd memory card was damaged, can I recover lost photos on it? What should I do?

Answer. Yes, in most cases, CardRecovery 6.10 (flash drive recovery program) is capable of reliably recovering photos from damaged memory cards (but not in all cases. Basically, it depends on the current state of the memory card and the number of overwrite cycles of free space).

CardReader is the optimal application for recovery, since this program is “tailored” for media formats and memory cards. In addition, we can recommend an alternative - RhotoRec. It searches file signatures and in some cases finds what CardReader misses.

Most of the photos on the SD card are damaged. Folders allegedly damaged. After reading your article, I realized that the problem may have arisen due to “overwriting”. Is it possible to recover photos from a damaged microSD?

Answer. Yes, of course, recovery of a microSD memory card after overwriting is less likely. Therefore, it is best to take it out of the phone and restore it only through a card reader by connecting the SD card to a computer or laptop.

The phone showed a message saying that the memory card is not supported by the phone. I checked. The card is indeed damaged. Is it possible to restore or extract photos and videos from there and how to do it. Thank you.

Answer. If the memory card is damaged, you need to remove it from the phone (or other device where it was used), connect it to the computer via a card reader and scan the SD card using recovery programs. This is the only way to recover data from a damaged card.

If there is physical damage (and, consequently, the computer does not see the SD card), unfortunately, recovery is not possible.

SD card is damaged. I can’t open and view files either through my phone (Android) or my computer (Windows 7). downloaded CardRecovery 6.10. build 1210 (evalutiation version), the program found the files, BUT at the last stage, i.e. saving, a line appears in which you need to enter the key. If you don't have a key, you need to buy one. So, is there any way to restore files without cost? because There is a lot of valuable information on the SD card, I would not like to format it. I hope very much for your help.

Answer. Yes, you can restore a damaged phone SD card at no cost. Since you're talking about CardRecovery, you'll either have to buy the full version on the developer's website ($40) or download it to rutracker in the pro version. Among the free and high-quality programs for complete recovery, we can recommend the Recuva program (we have already done a detailed review of its functions). In order for the memory card to be identified in the list, you need to connect it via a card reader to the PC.

Recently I decided to take a photo, but when I take a photo, it is saved, but there is a black screen in the gallery. Also, VK does not listen to music and does not save pictures and screenshots to the memory card. What to do? I am hope for your help!

Answer. Your phone's memory card may be damaged. You can fix file system damage by formatting the SD card on a computer or directly on your phone (read how to do this above). If this method does not work, try replacing the SD card or, as a last resort, resetting the phone to factory settings.

About five days ago, the phone began to show an icon that the memory card (flash drive) was damaged and suggested erasing everything from it. I didn't do this. Two days later, all audio recordings disappeared. And today I discovered that most of the photos were also missing. What to do? Is it possible to restore them?

Answer . As a rule, ifSDthe card is damaged,Windowssuggests formatting it (= erasing it). Before doing this, it is best to copy all remaining data to your PC.

The next step is to perform a quick format (Quick, but notFull!) and scan the memory card with recovery programs.Among the free ones we recommend Recuva, PhotoRec, DiskDigger for PC.

I ordered it for myselfSD cardon aliexpress. I inserted it into the phone and everything worked. An hour passed, I rebooted the phone - it stopped seeing the flash drive, the same situation on the computer. ButSDthe card is connected to the computer and is present in the list of media. I go into my computer - it’s not there, I go to Disk Management - it shows that the disk is working fine. At the same time, I can’t format or copy files to a flash drive. I inserted it into a tablet with Android 5.0: it shows that the flash drive is damaged and asks to format it. I started formatting, OSWindowformats and completes formatting successfully, but after this procedure nothing happened.

What should I do in this situation? How to restore micro sd? I accept any options except contacting the service.

Answer . Replacing the flash drive under warranty would be the fastest solution to the problem. ButSDIt is problematic to return a card from Aliexpress to the seller: sending it by mail will take months.

If formatting doesn't help, try creatingDisk VolumeonSDmap using a standard componentWindows: Control Panel - Disk Management. Then assign any free letter to Disk Volume.

Before our vacation we bought a new digital camera. Of course, we also bought a new memory card for him. Well, we walk around, take photos, there are already 900 photos, a 32 GB flash drive, it should have been enough for many photos, but suddenly the camera gives an error that we have damaged the flash card. And the photos don't open. We arrived home, started looking, but the flash drive would not open anywhere.

Question: is the problem with the camera or the flash drive? How can I restore the photo now?

Answer . Theoretically, the error could be caused by the camera, but this happens very rarely. For example, if the camera software contains errors, this can be resolved by flashing the device.

But most often the problem is associated with improper use of the memory card: for example, if you took it out of the camera without turning it off or connected it to another device / took it out of the card reader without removing it (unmounted).

What to do if the memory card is damaged? The best thing:

  1. Check the memory card for errors by connecting it to the PC
  2. Format media - if there are particularly important photos onSDthe map is no longer there.

Also check if the contacts on thestorage device. If filming was carried out in difficult weather conditions, this could cause contamination and, consequently, deterioration of the electrical conductivity of the memory card.

[Phone cannot recognizeSD-card after 3 days of use]

My phonevivo y53 reads my old oneSD-card, but my new one is 32 GB. My phone reads it, but only when transferring files from phone toSD-map. Some files are corrupted and when sharing files on another deviceSD the card is automatically disabled. What can be done to recover the sd card and files on it?

Answer . It is necessary to check the memory card for reading errors: perhaps you removed it incorrectly or, over time, erroneous sectors appeared that prevented writing/reading). Suitable for scanningchkdskor command line (seemanagement for error correction).

If no errors are found, copy the contents of the memory card to your computer (make a backup) and formatSDmap using the utilitySD Formatter . Programs available on the manufacturer’s website are also suitable for these purposes.SDcards (if available).

[Memory card is damaged... I've been trying to fix it for 3 days and nothing works]

About 3 days ago my micro SD card suddenly went bad. Photos do not open, nor do videos. Here's what I tried:

  • Checked if the memory card works on another device
  • Tried to fix errors via: "chkdsk:D/F" on my PC
  • I tried restarting and turning off the phone several times.
  • Tried to see if it works on my PC.

Does anyone know anything I can do how to recover a microsd memory card? Would appreciate any help.

Answer .

  1. Look for proprietary software on the memory card manufacturer's website. In some cases, utilities for formatting a flash drive can be useful..
  2. You can check the disk for errors not only through the command line, try other utilities for diagnosing the hard drivelikeHDDScan.
  3. If the contentSDthe card is not available, but the disk is detected in Explorer (Windowsrequires you to format it), quick formatting of the flash drive and subsequent recovery saves via Recuva or similarrecovery-software

my 32gb sd card got damaged when i tried to download a file from a torrent. I can read data from the SD card, but I can't delete it or write new files. I tried cmd to solve the problem, but couldn't partition the memory card.

Please help me fix the SD card.

Answer . If you downloaded virus software from torrents, the virus may have blocked access to removable media. Therefore, it would not hurt to check your PC andSDerror card.

Second point. If you are writing files to free space, where there isbadsectors,Windowswill give an error. To resolve the error, check the memory card for errors or movebad-sectors to the end of the file table using diagnostic software.

Out of nowhere, the SD card turned out to be damaged. The phone suggested formatting it, and before that copying the files to the PC. But the computer doesn't see it. What is on the internal memory of the phone is seen. But there is no memory card. How then can I copy files from it before formatting? It is very important to save these files.

Answer. Do not agree to formatting if it is important to preserve the files stored on the media. You need to check the SD card for reading errors and fix them. How to do this - see above in the text (use chkdsk or similar utilities).

Please tell me what to do in such a situation? The Samsung j5 16 phone was full to capacity, and after a while it and the flash drive stopped seeing the memory card or saw it, but a window popped up: the memory card is damaged, replace it with a new one. When I deleted files or rebooted the phone, I saw the memory card without problems. I thought it was due to lack of space and so I decided, out of harm’s way, to take the card out of the phone and put it in a special box. After about 3 weeks I decided to clean it through the computer, but it didn’t open on it either. Is it possible to do anything with it, there is a lot of important information there.

Answer. Check for bad sectors using chkdsk, then format and continue using (if there are no errors, of course).

Micro SD 32 GB was installed in Android 7 Nugat. At first the memory card disappeared several times, as if it had been removed and inserted. The phone offered to set it as default. I thought the contact between the card and the phone was bad. Then it turns off and that’s it, neither the phone nor the card readers on the computer see it, they don’t react, as if it doesn’t exist. There was no damage or inaccuracy, it just turned off and that’s it. Is it really possible to do something? Thank you.

Answer. Most likely there are read errors or a damaged file table. These errors are easy to fix; You can restore the SD card using the chkdsk utility for Windows or its graphical analogue.

My SD card was stolen and then returned. A few weeks after returning, the phone suddenly stopped reading and recognizing the card. Neither the phone nor the SD card appears to be damaged, and this literally happened out of nowhere. The phone says there is no SD card inserted, but it is not. What to do?

Answer . If onSDThere is no physical damage to the card; it may contain software errors. This is actually the topic we are discussing, so re-readFAQand answers to questions - most likely, your case has already been considered.

I have an 8 gig flash drive, but half of the selectors are damaged along the way, since I can only write 3 gigs on it, if I start filling it more, the computer freezes, how can I cure it so that the remaining 3 gigs can also be filled, although the computer is in The properties of the flash drive shows that there are still 3 gigs available.

My card is in the RAW system - when checked by programs it simply turns off - apparently there are damaged sectors - nothing helps from what is described on the Internet - help!

What should I do if I received a notification on my phone that the SD card is damaged, although everything looks fine? I tried removing it and rebooting the phone - all to no avail. I don’t have a computer, tell me how to solve the problem, thanks in advance

There was a 32 GB SD card in the phone, and one day after rebooting the device, a message came out that the SD card was damaged and needed to be replaced. I connected the SD to the computer. The computer identified it, showed all the files, but nothing could be done with them. Then I inserted the SD back into the phone and it said that the SD needed to be formatted, but when I press format, after 20% a message pops up that formatting has been interrupted. Please tell me is it possible to restore an SD card or is it dead?

I'm already tormented by these micro sd cards!!! The problem is this: there are two phones, Samsung and Xiaomi, and there is an MP3 mini player, there is a card where a lot of music is downloaded and at one time this card worked on all devices, but sometimes due to the phones being turned off or rebooted, a message popped up about the memory card being damaged and of course all the music disappeared, they don’t see it on the device, but if you insert it through the card reader into the computer, the card shows normally, all the files are in place and work, I insert it back into the phone or mp3 and again all over again, there is nothing, the card is damaged! Is it possible to restore it?

Why does my phone show that the memory card is damaged? I formatted it, but the card is still damaged. Lenovo phone.

The phone says that the microsd is damaged and cannot be formatted, although everything works fine on the computer, but there are files that can only be opened through the phone, and I need them, because this is the miui folder (I have xiaomi) what should I do?

Phone Samsung Galaxy A3 2016 Writes that the memory card is damaged. I did the formatting several times. I took it out of the phone, installed it in another, everything works there. I moved it to mine again, same thing - the memory card is damaged. Tell me, can I fix the problem myself? Or can only a restoration specialist help?

HTC. 530..does not accept sd.. It says the card is damaged.. It works fine on the other one.. Although the same flash drive worked on it.. I changed the phone.. I just transferred the flash drive to a new phone.. Sony. It works fine.. I haven’t used HTC for some time.. I left it as a reserve.. It happened that way.. I sent it to Sony for repair.. Htc. Does not want to accept any sd.. When formatting it says that the sd card is out of date. It works slowly and needs a sd3 generation.. The sd with which he was working also does not want to open.. Although Sony can see the same sd.. Can you tell me what the problem is.



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